Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Analysis of Two Articles about Robots Assignment
Analysis of Two Articles about Robots - Assignment Example Robots are largely used to perform labor tasks. The need to increase production and improve efficiency is very necessary and finding the best robot for this is very important. I major in Mechanical Engineering which is directly related to the construction of the robots. The first article, â€Å"Team Designs Tiny Robots That Can Build like Termites†gives a significant design of tiny robots that can build without outside intervention. The second article, â€Å"Believable Robot Characters†gives an account of how important is the believability of robots when it comes to human-robot interaction. The article was published by Dow Jones & Company Inc. in New York, United States and authored by Robert Lee Hotz. The organization of the article only provides a heading and several paragraphs describing what the author wants to pass. It also has an abstract that summarizes what the information contained in it (Robert, 2014). The article is written in simple a U.S English language and is directed to the audience at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Chicago. It focuses on the ability of the robots to help in building any structure that they are instructed to. The article was published by Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, La Canada in the United States and authored by Simmons et al. The organization of the article provides headings and subheadings dividing every point communicated by the authors. There is also a subtract summarizing the content and objective of the article. The article is directed towards people in the entertainment industry who are greatly interested in the human-robot interaction through the integration of consistent storyline, verbal and nonverbal behavior and social context. It is also written in a simple and understandable language (Simmons, 2011).
Monday, October 28, 2019
Turkey-External State Military Threats Essay Example for Free
Turkey-External State Military Threats Essay Presently, Turkey is still under constant pressure by different threats posed by neighboring countries. This is according to military experts, saying that one of the few reasons that Turkey should be very wary of is the climate change. The possibility of engaging into violence is very like, especially to its neighbours Israel, Iraq and Syria. The reason for this is because of lessened water supply in these countries especially now that the world is experiencing major climate changes, which would be really hard to adapt in countries with no abundant water supplies.            According to Lieutenant Colonel Ozmen, the Office if the Chief of Staff’s Middle East expert said in the latest edition of Armed Services magazine that climate change is an inevitable problem which will be faced all over the world, not only by Turkey. This is problem will be addressed by plotting out a national security strategy to amend the climate change (Ankara).            One of the options that Turkey may be facing is that they might wage war in order to keep the citizens and their living spaces safe. Another one is thoroughly amending the national security strategy, so that it will accommodate the possible risk and threats of climate change. The country should improve on its military capabilities on various aspects of domestic and international security, as well as possible relocation and transfers of the populace when the time of war arrives.            These problems would arise because Turkey is the recipient of the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, as it is strategically located in eastern and southeast of Turkey. In 20 years time, people who don’t have good access to clean water would be increased to five billion heads. Turkey, having the cleanest water resources in the area would surely catch the interest of its neighoring countries that are unfortunate to have a good source of water, where climate change would surely mean water shortages for them. Internal problems could arise within these countries, as well as possible instances of domestic attacks in Turkey. It is due to the fact that lack of water could further result to shortages in food supply, and could lead to a collapse in the economy as well.            Another problem that Turkey is facing is regarding the threats being made on the secular republic. The Turkish armed forces said that there are efforts made to undermine the secular republic, as it was showered by comments regarding issues that the Parliament would elect an Islamic candidate for presidency (Reuters). With this report, people saw what could be a possible threat to secularism. The military however, stood firm that they wouldn’t just be spectators, especially now that secularism is being threatened. However, there were speculations that these comments were just caused by the air of elections coming soon.            But the problem is that everyday, different ways of undoing the modern advances and destroy the democratic and secular structure of Turkey are coming out. This is according to the chief of the general staff, General Yasar Buyukanit, as he addressed the public during Victory Day last August 30. The secular republic of Turkey is being guarded by no other that its military, as anything they see unusual and threatening to the secular republic will be deposed, the latest of which is in 1997, when the government was viewed to be on the Islamist’s end (Tribune).            According to General Buyukanit, the Turkish armed forces will never bend its beliefs and stance and will continue to uphold the interest of the democratic people, of the secular Turkey. The military and higher secular elites have directly opposed the presidential candidacy of Abdullah Gul, which is the Foreign Minister today. The reason for this is because of his Islamic roots, as well as the wearing of a Muslim head scarf by his wife, which is a clear representation of the religion they support.            Turkey is aspiring for membership in the European Union, and is composed of a majority of Muslims, but the constitution it upholds is a strict sense of Secular constitution (Thomas).            Another military problem that Turkey is suffering from is the Turkish rebel troops’ threat to the country. The rebel group PKK composed of Turkish Kurds are the ones causing the ruckus, launching attacks on the country while in hiding in another county. They are hiding somewhere in the mountainous northern Iraq which is known to be as a Kurdish area. These PKK have ensued deadly attacks on military installations and some public areas of the country (The Boston Globe). The country has formed an incursion in order to punish these rebel troops. However, this incursion would be causing a lot commotion especially because it will pass through the northern Iraq area, something that could possibly go wrong and lead to violence. In order to avoid further harm to any of the two countries, Iraq should be the one to hunt down these PKK rebels, especially now that they are into hiding in their territory.            Also, Turkey cannot barge into another land only with a massive amount of military troops unless they are declaring war. A of problems could go wrong, and the peaceful area of Northern Iraq could turn into a warzone in an instant. The army massing up by the border in northern Iraq is 150,000-strong just to curb the terroristic ways of these PKK rebels. 150,000 armed soldiers is enough to wage a small war with another country. Turkish Generals however, clarify that they wouldn’t go into hasty measures because they abide by the democratic rules. They said that their will be no cross-border campaign if the Parliament tells them to do so. With this words, the pressure is placed in the shoulders of the Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Previously, Erdogan’s Justice and Development Party is being questioned by the nationalists and secularists for a case of incompetence in the part of the Prime Minister.            According to the Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Defense Secretary Robert Gates, there should be no border crossing to avoid any complications. No one should cross the border from both sides, especially with issues like these heating up. Iraqi Kurds will have to take down the PKK rebels by themselves, even though it may seem hard to do, without the help from Turkey. This is to maintain peace in that northern region of Iraq.            Another problem that Turkey focuses on is about its entry to the European Union. Turkey is making an impression that they deserve to accepted in the EU by avoiding anything that could forfeit a possible European Union membership. However, there are a lot of people, individuals and groups of people who doesn’t agree with the possible membership of Turkey. They see Turkey’s entry in the international group as a problem, instead of being an asset, Turkey becomes a liability. According to these people, Turkey is very different from the other members of the European Union because of how the country is ruled. It is not actually run by democracy, instead, the authority that decides on how it should be ruled are the military forces. A lot of issues spurn out of nowhere regarding Turkey’s membership, like how it deals with minorities’ rights, eradicating the power of the military to run the state, and by improving further the democratic procedures it employs to the populace.            If ever Turkey will be able to address these issues, then the possibility of getting the favour of most of the EU members is high. However, the problem will be how they will be able to address these issues. Turkey’s rules and policies have been the same for a long time already, and they were able to establish a stable government. If they would abruptly change it in order to qualify for the European Union, nobody knows how it will affect the country. Surely, several complications would arise and the ones that are more likely to suffer are the masses, the Turkish people which these rules are being employed upon. The result would depend on how they will tolerate these changes.            There problems regarding the European Union membership can be traced with the issue on PKK rebel terrorists. Turkey’s Kurdish region has experienced an increase in violence and has resulted to civilian action. Because of this, the government mobilized Turkish police to pacify the situation, attacking the demonstrating masses with tear gas, batons, tanks and other lethal weapons that can get hold of. The government issued a state of emergency, and a number of human rights and political activists were arrested (Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty). This internal problem that Turkey wasn’t able to address had caught the eye of the leaders of the European Union. They questioned the actions made by Turkish officials, and asked why everything has led to a stir up of the masses. It is a bad image for a member of the European Union to have unsettled government issues like this one, and no member of the EU has experienced problems such as these starting the day they joined the European Union. This has somewhat brought a negative point on Turkey in the aspect of joining the European Union. Efforts have been made to redeem what has happened that time. How can I reduce the threat to human security?             Turkey is facing serious political and military problems these days. This is due to the pressure they are receiving with regards to their aspiration to join the European Union. One of the negative setbacks of this situation is the threat to human security. War can break out anytime, especially now that Turkey and the neighboring countries are well-armed since the region has been plagued by a lot of wars these past few years now. The country’s army may be prepared for war, but the people are not. Surely their lives will be affected if the situation would turn into bombings and gun battles.            The government is doing their best on how to solve these problems, even though there are times that they are neglecting the side of the people. They may have been overlooking the interest of the people in order for them to be accepted in the European Union. This is a major concern because it involves the welfare of the people, and the main purpose of a governing body of the country is to serve the people. There are other alternatives to these cases however. One of these alternatives is for the people to act. As a citizen, they can do something is they really want to. They can invoke change, depending on how the people do it. They are the ones who has control over these matter, not the rebellious groups, not the military forces, not even the government. Everything is on the people’s hands, and the outcome will surely depend on how they would address the situation. It is no merely a national or a regional problem; it is already a global issue.            As a citizen, the least I can do is to disseminate information. Having a good line of communication for the whole nation is very crucial, since it opens up the connection for every concerned citizen. People have ideas which can be executed to promote safety and the welfare of other people. It mustn’t fall on deaf ears, especially at times like these, where every idea for a solution counts. As a citizen, I am also bound to this nation by law that’s why I should still abide in every law and regulation it employs on the people. I am also responsible for my actions, such that it wouldn’t lead into further complications for me and my country.            I should cooperate to the fullest in order for the programs and projects of the government to be successful. It is also crucial to choose on what side am I on, regarding the issue of the Europen Union. If the leaders deem that being a member is what truly matters, then I must abide by their ideas. However, I am also responsible to voice out my opinions in a more peaceful way than staging demonstration and ensuing public mobility. It could really be a waste of time and resources, instead of focusing on what really needs to be focused on – the actual problems that the country has.            Even though I am just an individual, there are still other ways on how I can be of use to the country. I should try my best to become an asset instead of being a liability. Instead of complaining about how things work and how things go, I should just be cooperative with the programs that they employ to the people. There is always a right time to complain, which is also my responsibility as a citizen. I should report everything that I see as wrong, so that people concerned would still be able to amend or fix it. Works Cited: Ankara. Militarys Expert Says Israel, Iraq and Syria Can Become Threats. 2007. Turkish Daily News. September 19 2007. http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=83719. Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. Iraq: Kurdish Official Downplays Threat from Turkey. 2006. Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. September 19 2007. http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/07/c2c5fa27-919a-4eaa-a4e1-f05445e35fe6.html. Reuters. Secular Turkey Is under Threat, Military Says. Europe, 2007. International Herald Tribune. September 19 2007. http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/08/27/europe/turks.php. The Boston Globe. Turkish Threats to Turkey. 2007. September 19 2007. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/editorials/articles/2007/06/15/turkish_threats_to_turkey/. Thomas, Mark. Mark Thomas Refuses to Ignore the Problem of Turkey. 2006. September 19 2007. http://www.newstatesman.com/200604240014. Tribune, The World. Turkeys Secular Government in Trouble, General Warns. 2006. East West Services. September 19 2007. http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/06/front2454005.08125.html.
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Abortion Essay -- Abortion
Abortion A young women who just recently married at the age of 24 is six months along in her pregnancy. By her eighth month, she has came across complications. Within one week, they continue to get progressively worse. She is eventually rushed to the hospital. There her symptoms are studied by medical professionals. She soon is told that her complications are so severe that they might cost her her life. She is now faced with a choice. A medical dilemma of saving her life with the use of an abortion, or the moral dilemma of saving her childs life. What is right? In the U.S. about 1.6 million pregnancies end in abortion. A majority of women in America with an income below 11,000 are 3 times more likely to abort their unborn child rather than those whose income is above 25,000. Also, women who are divorced or unmarried are 4 to 5 times more likely to abort than a stable married woman.(1) The most commonly used procedure for an abortion is the vaccum aspiration which is used during the first trimester (from conception to three months). A tube is simply inserted into the cervix and the contents within the cervix are vaccumed out.(1) Another commonly used type of abortion focuses on the second trimester. This type of abortion is called dilation and evacuation. By this trimester the fetus has slowly developed bones, bulk, and contains movement. Which leaves the second trimester not as easy. Once the fetus and placenta are removed, tweezers are then used to take out the larger parts of the fetus. By the time the fifth month approaches the fetus has entered its third trimester where the abortion becomes both serious and dangerous. As a mother in her fifth month, doctors would induce her with drugs to put her into labor as if she ... ...ause of it’s immoral and life begins at conception. Women have been given the right to have an abortion under the United States Consititution, but this right is still being protested by the people that fight for the unborn’s rights. Pro-life activists claim that its immoral because they simply defined it as murder. Life begins at conception another strong point brought up by pro-life activists. Before a child is born it is given all of it's necessities to survive. Before birth the child heart beats, the gastric juices flow in the stomach, and all it's necessary organs are intact. The unborn child thinks, dreams, and feels pain.(1) The abortion issue is a constant debate in our society and it is amazing that faith and reason can determine the life of a child. Maybe soon the abortion issue will reverse, and people will see the rights of the unborn as a great importance.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Essay --
Over the past century, many countries have started implementing community water fluoridation as a method of promoting dental care. As a result, fluoridation has generated both positive and negative consequences for the human body and the societies. Fluoridation is defined as â€Å"the process of adding fluoride ions to the public water supplies for the purpose of reducing the incidence of dental caries.†1 Whether or not community water fluoridation will benefit society is a controversial issue. On the one hand, excess amounts of fluoride could lead to potential health problems and affect many tissues in the body besides the teeth. Furthermore, fluoridation removes individuals’ rights to choose what they ingest from the public water supplies and their rights to receive tailored medication. On the other hand, water fluoridation is considered safe for both the environment and individuals at optimal levels and it is an effective approach to distribution. Finally, because th e access to running water is widespread and cost-effective, water fluoridation could benefit the whole population equally. Firstly, when the amount of fluoride in the human body exceeds the prescribed standards, there is an association between fluoride and several health concerns. There is minimal difference between the toxic and effective dose. Therefore it is possible for individuals to suffer from consequences of fluoride over-exposure, such as dental and skeletal fluorosis. According to the Fluoride Alert Organization, fluoride could also disrupt the normal endocrine functions of several tissues and organs, including the bones, the brain, the thyroid gland, the pineal gland, and even blood sugar levels.2 For example, researchers claimed that acute poisoning of fluor... ...ves in the public water supplies must apply to the levels formulated in the â€Å"Guidelines for the Use of Fluorides†published by Ministry of Health. According to New Zealand Dental Association’s study, in every single year, water fluoridation is estimated to prevent 58,000-267,000 cases of dental caries and associated illnesses. Also, there is a strong association between community water fluoridation and the decrease of children’s dental hospital admission rates.10 Over 60 years ago, researchers have been recording the effectiveness of community water fluoridation,8 which shows that there is a history of positive water fluoridation. Together with these contemporary findings, they prove the continuing effectiveness of fluoridation. Thus, public water supplies are ideal medium for fluoride and water fluoridation is a both safe and effective method at recommended levels.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Black America Essay
I. Introduction A. One significant problem faced among the judicial system is the injustice involving African Americans with sentencing and racial profiling. Not only will the individual and society response be discussed but the expert’s theories and alternative solutions will be included. II. African Americans facing injustice within the judicial system. A. Sentencing for crimes committed compared to other races. 1. Marissa Alexander, a black mother, was sentenced to 20 years in prison after shooting a warning shot to scare her abusive husband. No one was injured in her choice to shoot the warning shoot but Amber Cummings, a 32 year old mother, did not face any jail time for killing her husband who was said to be a white supremacists. 2. Judge Jean Boyd sentenced a young white male, Ethan Couch, after killing 4 individuals while driving drunk, to 10 years of probation and sentence a 14 year old black male to 10 years of prison after punching and killing a man. Ethan Couch prior to the incidents, stole from a store and alcohol level was three times the limit. Neither young men where mentally ill or had justification on the crimes they committed but sentencing was harsher for the young black male. 3. John McNeil, a black father of two, was sentenced to seven years in prison and 13 years of probation in 2005 for murdering a white male that threaten to stab his sons after trespassing on their property while Joe Horn, an elderly white male shot and killed two men that was breaking and entering into his neighbor’s home one night. Horn took it upon himself, even after the 911 operator repeatedly informed him not to interfere in the situation because the cops were on the way, to murder the two men. 2 B. Racial Profiling of African American individuals. 1 Trayvon Martin was a young black teen walking through a neighborhood with a black hoodie and was murdered by George Zimmerman because he believe the young teen was going to commit a crime. George Zimmerman did not serve any jail-time for the murder. 4. African Americans have a higher chance of being stop by police officers when driving and frisking than a White American. Research has found that â€Å"in investigatory stops, a black man age twenty-five or younger has a 28 percent chance of being stopped for an investigatory reason over the course of an year; a similar young white man has 12. 5 percent chance and a similar young white woman has only a 7 percent chance†. (Epp & Maynard, 2014, p. 15) 5. African Americans also has a higher chance of being stalked or watched closely in department stores. For example: Barneys, a high-in department store is now under fire for its practices when facing minorities. Two young African Americans have come forward with their issues faced when shopping in Barneys. One young man, Trayon Christian was put in handcuffs after an employee of Barneys called the police to report a fraudulent credit card used by the African American male and later found out the credit card was real. Kayla Philips purchased a 2300. 00 pursed and was later stop by the police upon leaving the store. (Harris, 2013, p. 1) III. Expert’s Opinion on the problem. A. Both David Harris and Randall Kennedy have research and exam research on the topic of racial profiling. 1 David Harris is a law professor at University of Pittsburg School of Law and has found that in 2003, many of the traffic vehicle stops resulted in illegal substances and goods being found by police officers. When Harris calculated the traffic vehicle stops he came across that White Black America vs. the Criminal Justice SystemPage 2 of 8 3 Americans contributed to most of the stops and that â€Å"that racial profiling is a counterproductive law enforcement strategy as well as a controversial one. †(Collica, 2012, chp. 4. 3). 2 Randall Kennedy wrote an article in 2011 title, â€Å"†Race and the Administration of Criminal Justice in the United States†. In 2006 he research racial profiling in New York City and found that â€Å"55% of African Americans were stopped by the police and that number is twice the representation of Blacks in the local population. †(Collica, 2012, chp. 4. 3) IV. Society response on the problem. A. Citizens are coming together to form rallies for Justice. 1. Ferguson, Missouri citizens have rallied and protest since the death of Michael Brown, a young African American male who was gunned down by a police officer. 2. Many cities, states and countries rallied after the disappointing verdict of the Trayvon Martin case. V. The public policies in place to rectify the problem. A. In May of 2013, Congress put into play the End Racial Profiling Act. 1. This act was set in place to end racial profiling among law enforcement agencies by: Black America vs. the Criminal Justice SystemPage 3 of 8 4 a. â€Å"Grants the United States or an individual injured by racial profiling the right to obtain declaratory or injunctive relief. †(â€Å"End of Racial Profiling,†2013). b. â€Å"Requires federal law enforcement agencies to maintain adequate policies and procedures to eliminate racial profiling and to cease existing practices that permit racial profiling. †(â€Å"End of Racial Profiling,†2013) VI. Alternative solutions that can assist with the issue. A. Every police office should have a camera inside of their vehicles or a camera on their bodies at all times. If the rules cannot be followed then the police officer should face disciplinary actions. 1. If the police force use the camera in the car and on themselves at all times this will help minimize police brutality. Police Officers will make sure to use proper force in every situation and will not overuse their power as authority figures. B. If a citizen decides to use deadly force against an individual and that individual is killed, that citizen should face jail time, unless that individual posed a threat to their life or others. 1. Citizens find that they can shoot anyone for anything. Unless this person is trying to cause physical harm to them, citizens should not have the authority to use deadly force against anyone. 2. If someone is in a domestic violence situation and the police is called the individual causing harm should automatically be arrested and charges should be placed on that individual. No more allowing the victim the ability to agree or disagree to these charges. Not only will this allow the abuse to get out of the situation, this will also help with future violence†¦including murder. Black America vs. the Criminal Justice SystemPage 4 of 8 5 C. Police Officers should always use a stun gun or pepper spray whenever they come across an irate individual. 1. Police officers should always use their pepper spray or stun guns when taking down or taking in an unarm individual. Especially if there is more than one officer at the scene of the crime. If someone is resisting arrest use the stun gun or pepper spray to subdue the individual. Let’s stop violence with using more force than necessary. VII. Conclusion A. It has slightly change throughout the years with African American men and women having the right to vote and sit peacefully in a restaurant without being bothered or called names but in all fairness, African American people will always have it hard. Yes, we have an African American president but that does not stop the high numbers of frisking or being stop by the police after purchasing a high dollar amount item because someone believes you could possibly be a thief. Yes, the statistics throughout the years to come might dwindled down but the Black race will be looked down upon and will called criminals because of a few bad apples. The Black race will still continue to be murdered in the streets, unarmed or surrendering with no proper justice because, like the saying, the best predictor of future behavior is past behavior. Black America vs. the Criminal Justice SystemPage 5 of 8 6 References Collica, K. & Furst, G. (2012). Crime and Society. San Diego CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. It explains criminology and how society responds to crime. It breaks down crime through age, gender, race, education and living conditions. It shows statistics of crime and types of crime and explains how the statistics are measured. Epp, C. , & Maynard-Moody, S. (2014). Driving While Black. Washington Monthly, 46(1/2), 14- 16. Retrieved from http://eds. a. ebscohost. com. proxy- library. ashford. edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? sid=212adf44-d029-44a2-9c35- b2a2e0dc1f07%40sessionmgr4002&vid=6&hid=4203. This article discussed the statistics involving driving and frisking among all races. It breaks down the measurements through race, age, sex, education and living conditions. It discuss how the African American race will always be prejudice upon. Gabbidon, S. L. , Jordan, K. L. , Penn, E. B. , & Higgins, G. E. (2014). Black Supporters of the No-Discrimination Thesis in Criminal Justice: A Portrait of an Understudied Segment of the Black Community. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 25(5), 637. Retrieved from http://cjp. sagepub. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/content/25/5/637. full. pdf+html This article explains the different methods used to measure the African American response to the criminal justice system. Six hundred African American individuals were surveyed and only 26% believes that the criminal justice system is not prejudice against one race. The measurements are broken down into age, education and living conditions. The older generation of African Americans made up most of the 26 percentage. Harris, D. (2013). Shopping While Black. World News with Diane Sawyer, 1. Retrieved from Black America vs. the Criminal Justice SystemPage 6 of 8 7 http://eds. b. ebscohost. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/eds/detail/detail? vid=1&sid=e32d3682- cdb2-48b8-8a38- a2f84927e979%40sessionmgr198&hid=104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU. %3d#db=bwh&AN=91694591 This article not only discussed certain African American individuals views and experience with the high in department store Barney’s but also questions a high profile celebrity on his involvement with the company. They question his beliefs and how he feels about the controversy surrounding the company. Rosich, K. J. (2007). Race, Ethnicity, and the Criminal Justice System. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association. Retrieved from http://www. asanet. org/images/press/docs/pdf/ASARaceCrime. pdf This article explains the many statistics and research data performed on racism and race relations issues. Statistics are measured through, race, gender, age, education, employment, living conditions and other factors. S-1038 – End Racial Profiling Act of 2013. (2013). Retrieved October 26, 2014, from https://www. congress. gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/1038? q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B %22end+racial+profiling+act+2014%22%5D%7D This article discuss and explains what the End Racial Profiling Act of 2013 is. This act was introduced in May of 2013 with every action that has taken place with voting, amendments and other act created based off it is documented. Black America vs. the Criminal Justice SystemPage 7 of 8.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Benefits Of Creating Park In Heart Of Gainesville Tourism Essay Essays
Benefits Of Creating Park In Heart Of Gainesville Tourism Essay Essays Benefits Of Creating Park In Heart Of Gainesville Tourism Essay Essay Benefits Of Creating Park In Heart Of Gainesville Tourism Essay Essay The land on the corner of University Ave. and 13th Street is located in the bosom of Gainesville. For this ground, a park should be created here, instead than an flat composite. After a great trade of research, we have concluded that parks non merely advance healthy and active life styles for immature and old alike, but they besides serve to better the quality of life for a metropolis s public, every bit good as addition belongings value of nearby abodes. City Parkss are a really of import portion of a metropolis for legion grounds. One of these grounds is the money the metropolis can derive from the park. The park can non merely pay for itself after it is complete, but besides derive even more gross for the metropolis. This excess money could assist greatly increase the quality of life for citizens of Gainesville in legion ways. Anne Shwartz, a author for the Gotham Gazette, discusses a survey conducted in 2003 by Ernst A ; Young and New Yorkers for Parks. They conducted instance surveies for six different Parkss in New York City, and used informations from 30 other Parkss for their decisions. The survey found that belongings values in closer locality of the Parkss that were clean and good maintained were by and large greater than those farther off. Shwartz states that a 2008 analysis of the Hudson River Park showed that upon completion of a subdivision of the park, existent estate monetary values escalated in the nearest two blocks by approximately 20 per centum. Shwartz besides discusses the Central Park Effect, which was originated by the Appleseed for the Central Park Conservancy. There are 25 million visitants in Central Park per twelvemonth, of which one-fifth semen from outside the metropolis. This does nt merely increase the belongings values around the metropolis, but it besides generated $ 656 million in grosss for the metropolis in 2007. ( Shwartz, 2009 ) Harnik and Welle conducted a survey and wrote their determination in Measuring the Economic Value of a City Park System. In this survey, they looked at seven different ways that the Parkss provide economic benefits for the metropolis. One of the ways is increased belongings values closest to the Parkss and how that benefits the metropolis through revenue enhancements paid. They conducted a survey of the Parkss in Washington D.C. Their findings can be seen in Table 1 below. ( Harnik, Welle, 2006 ) Table 1 shows that a metropolis has a batch to derive from higher belongings revenue enhancements placed on abodes around Parkss. As stated before, values of the belongingss in the locality of parks addition. This means that the metropolis will derive more money from the belongings revenue enhancements placed on these belongingss. This money can be really good for the metropolis and can in bend be used to fund new educational plans for pupils, better the local substructure, and more. Harnik and Welle besides discuss the benefits coming from the direct usage of Parkss. They conducted a telephone study to gauge the money spent by every twenty-four hours visitants to parks in Boston. Their findings can be seen in Table 2, below. Table 2 ( Harnik, Welle, 2006 ) Table 2 shows the pecuniary addition for the metropolis from its usage by people. They split the activities people may execute in Parkss into three different subdivisions. Each type has a different mean value per visit. The information tabular array shows that over 350 million dollars were spent in the Parks. Since the survey was conducted in Boston, the existent amount of money for the direct usage of a park for Gainesville would be much less overall, since it is a much smaller metropolis. However, this money would still be really good to the metropolis. Harnik and Welle eventually discussed the pollution remotion value of Parkss. In a clip where great accent is placed on traveling green and working towards cleaning up the environment, the creative activity of a new park in Gainesville would be an highly welcome add-on to the cause. The leaf in the park will free the air of some pollution and do the metropolis a much cleansing agent and better topographic point to populate. As the junction of University Avenue and 13th Street is one of the busier intersections in Gainesville, the inclusion of a park on its northwest corner could be immeasurably advantageous. Harnik and Welle calculated the pecuniary payback of an environmentally friendly park, whose findings are displayed in Table 3. Table 3 ( Harnik, Welle, 2006 ) Table 3, above, shows that the values of the pollutants removed from Washington D.C. Parks is calculated to be over 19 million dollars. The fact that parks take air pollutants entirely is of great benefit to the metropolis, but its fiscal impact may be even greater. The investing that has to be put into making the park is much less than the benefits that the metropolis will derive from this. The metropolis will be much cleaner and will salvage money for it, and it will be able to set that money into good usage to greatly better the life of the citizens of Gainesville. Overall, Gainesville will be better off from both a wellness and a financial point of view if these programs for the creative activity of a new park are put into action. Park Design/Layout When planing the park, we took a figure of elements of art and scientific discipline into consideration to make an efficient and aesthetically delighting recreational country. Through the usage of dark colourss and several cardinal design rules, we achieved what we feel would be a good add-on to the Gainesville community. The affiliated park mock-up designs included in the appendix following the study depict precisely how we ve utilized colour and design rules to make an appealing and attractive park. The first of the cardinal design rules that we adhered to while in the planning phase of the park was balance. In peculiar, we focused our attending on making a symmetrical balance. The way that encircles the park s cardinal lawn was designed to incarnate this indispensable design rule. The arrangement of workss, trees and benches besides reflects our attempts to keep a proportioned sense of equilibrium. In order to decently foreground one of the focal points of the park, the fountain, we took advantage of the rule of passage. Small shrubs border the pavement to the North of the cardinal lawn. These smaller workss finally coincide with much larger trees that wrap around the fountain. The consequence helps to direct the spectator s oculus to the centre of the agreement, where the fountain lies. By following the rule of proportion, we were able to settle on a peculiar fountain that would absorb good and would function to heighten the belongings. The trees distributed throughout the park were besides selected based upon size, to guarantee that they were neither excessively big nor excessively little in relation to the park as a whole. Our design squad used repeat to make beat in the park. The perennial usage of similar works life with indistinguishable signifier and colour helps cut down confusion in the park s overall layout and design. In order to avoid making a littered or busy visual aspect in such a little country, it was indispensable to utilize a great trade of repeat. The arrangement of unvarying benches helped the park attain integrity, every bit good. Since the two design rules go hand-in-hand, simpleness was achieved by extinguishing extra and unneeded item. ( Ingram, 1991 ) Rather than confound park-goers perceptual experience with excessively much assortment of item, we elected to cut down the overall design to its simplest, functional signifier. Not merely does this make a more practical recreational country for the citizens of Gainesville to bask, but it besides helps to avoid unneeded cost and care. The concluding rule of park design that we observed is that of attraction. It is indispensable that a park be appealing and ask foring. ( Ingram, 1991 ) Not merely will the park s attraction spruce up an otherwise dull street corner, it has been designed with enduring entreaty in head. Rather than making a seasonal or impermanent park, we have designed one that will be tempting to park departers year-round. Planned with lastingness in head, our design non merely renders a beautiful park, but it besides ensures that any possible hereafter care will non put a dearly-won load on the metropolis of Gainesville. Projection of Long Term Effectss The design of the park was created with occupants of different ages, races, faiths and economic backgrounds in head. Hence, we have projected that the short-run and long-run benefits of this park will impact many persons in the Gainesville community. The park will better the overall quality of life of the community by supplying a merriment, loosen uping and safe topographic point to travel. A park has the ability to make a strong sense of community. This is genuinely important because research has shown that strong sense of community reflects in greater feelings of safety and security and in increased degrees of vote, recycling, assisting others, and volunteering ( Calgary, 2001 ) . Since the park would be located in the bosom of Gainesville this strong sense of community would non merely distribute to the park s nearby occupants but to all of the country s frequent visitants. Constructing a park on 13th Street would be a great manner to make out and act upon the Gainesville community as a whole. In add-on, a park is one of the most cheap and safest diversions available to persons of all ages. The design of the park allows for multiple recreational activities such as jogging on the trails, playing athleticss in the field cardinal field, and loosen uping on the benches. This provides a broad array of amusement options that can be accessed easy and that anyone, irrespective of income, can take part in. Furthermore, a park can hold changing but every bit valuable benefits on different members of the community in which it is built. For case, immature kids can greatly profit from an unfastened environment as it allows them to research freely and see nature around them. Gloria DeGaetano, the laminitis of the Parent Coaching Institute, argues there s an of import theory in early-child instruction called the theory of loose parts, which means that kids need to pull strings things in a 3-dimensional environment to turn their encephalon . Besides, adolescents can be positively affected by holding a topographic point where they can take part in recreational activities and meet others while remaining out of problem. The San Antonio Parks and Recreation Department reported that diversion reduces offense and societal disfunction cut downing constabulary, justness and captivity costs . Finally, the aged can besides profit from this park by holding an appealing topographic point to exert. Statisticss from a survey of local park usage and personal wellness show that The bulk of older park users were physically active during their visit, with over 69 % obtaining moderate or high degrees of physical activity ( Payne, Orsega-Smith, Roy, A ; Godbey, 2002 ) . As Parkss promote physical activity they cut down fleshiness and prevent chronic unwellnesss such as coronary bosom disease and shot. This is particularly true for kids and immature grownups because bar normally starts from an early age. Those who are active when they are immature and acquire in the wont of running and playing have a greater opportunity of staying physically fit and healthy in the hereafter. The consequences of Physical Activity From Childhood to Adulthood: A 21-year Trailing Study support this thought by saying It was concluded that a high degree of physical activity at ages 9 to 18, particularly when uninterrupted, significantly predicted a high degree of big physical activity. Although the correlativities were low or moderate, we consider it of import that school-age physical activity appears to act upon big physical activity, and through it, the public wellness of the general population ( Telama et al. , 2005 ) . Not merely could this park positively affect the overall wellness of the metropolis s occupants, but it could besides salvage them 100s of dollars in medical measures. Table 4, below is besides portion of Harnik, and Welle s survey. Their findings for wellness attention nest eggs were the followers: ( Harnik, Welle, 2006 ) Harmonizing to Table 4, by merely exerting three yearss a hebdomad, active users under 65 saved over 70,000 dollars, and users over 65 saved over 6,000. In entire, physically active users saved themselves near to 20 million dollars more on wellness attention than inactive users did. It is clear, that a park would better the quality of life of those in the Gainesville community. With these short term and long term benefits the occupants of the metropolis will be able to populate happier and healthier lives. Comparative Analysis of Gainesville Parks There are more than 25 Parkss in the metropolis of Gainesville. The five following Parkss are the largest and most frequented Parkss in the metropolis. These Parkss have greatly increased the quality of life in Gainesville. However, there are presently no major Parkss near the vacant belongings on NW 13th Street. ( City of Gainesville Recreation and Parks Department, 2009 ) This belongings would do an first-class add-on to the community. Therefore, a park in this location would be ideal, supplying the citizens of the country a convenient and easy accessible park. This is illustrated in the diagram below. The first image is a map of all the Parkss and installations in Gainesville. The 2nd is a closer expression at NW 13th Street. The ruddy lineation shows NW 13th street and the bluish lineation shows where the majority of the metropolis Parkss are located. Gainesville Facilities Map: Close-up of NW 13th Street: Westside Park Westside Park is a park dedicated to the Gainesville community. It has racquetball tribunals, hoops tribunals, tennis tribunals, five baseball Fieldss, a resort area, and 1.5 stat mis of trails. Westside Park hosts activities for kids and grownups all throughout the twelvemonth. Behind Westside Park, is the Westside Skate Park, which is free to utilize. ( City of Gainesville Recreation and Parks Department, 2008 ) Northside Park Northside Park is home to Gainesville s lone public phonograph record golf class. There are besides four lit tennis tribunals, racquetball tribunals, a resort area and public public toilets. Pavilions are available for events. ( SK Creations, Inc. , 2010 ) Northeast Park Northeast Park was established in 1935 by the Civilian Conservation Corps. Northeast Park presently has baseball Fieldss, tennis tribunals, a resort area and trails. In the hereafter, they want to add a skate park to their installations. ( 10Thumbs Design, 2006 ) Lincoln Park Lincoln Park has two baseball Fieldss, a 440-yard exercise/jogging trail, two hoops tribunals, a resort area and public public toilets. It is located behind Lincoln Middle School. ( City of Gainesville Recreation and Parks Department, 2008 ) T.B. McPherson Park The T.B. McPherson Park is 15 square estates and is place to the T.B. McPherson diversion centre. It excessively has two baseball Fieldss, two hoops tribunals, tennis tribunals, and racquetball tribunals. The diversion centre features a swimming pool and outside, there are many picnic countries near the resort area. ( City of Gainesville Recreation and Parks Department, 2008 ) Detailed Analysis of Gainesville Parks These community Parkss offer a broad assortment of recreational activities for Gainesville occupants of all ages. Harmonizing to the 2008 Citizens Report, The Recreation Division conducts particular plans for young person including ; Thanksgiving and Halloween celebrations, drive-in films, swim meets, the Brain Bowl, Santa s Calling and Get Down Fridays. Organized athletic plans are offered for young person and grownups including hoops, playground ball, volleyball, association football, football and cheerleading. ( Gainesville Communications Office, 2008 ) All of these events are held at local Parkss and some of them are free of charge. Besides stated in the Citizen s Report was a long list of ways Gainesville s Parkss have increased the wellbeing of the community. 2008 high spots include: Served more than 1,500 young person and 2,200 grownups through organized athletic programming runing from Pop Warner cheerleading and hoops to indoor association football and more. Expanded adolescent summer scheduling offered in concurrence with the twenty-first Century grant to T.B. McPherson Held summer and spring interruption plans for 2,224 young person. Began a new adolescent summer plan for young person ages 14-17 at the Northeast Community Center. Expanded senior plans at the Thelma Boltin Center. Participated in the Summer Nutrition Program, supplying 110,000 repasts for young person 18 or younger during the summer months. Enrolled more than 475 in-between school pupils in the Westside, Kanapaha, Ft. Clarke and Eastside Teen Zone plans. This provided community young person with activities and service undertakings, such as sing nursing places and mentoring simple pupils at the Northeast Community Center. Involved about 800 participants in water sports plans, including swim lessons, Jr. Life guarding Camp, SHARKS swim squad, Dive-In Movies and more. Five local childs qualified for the Hershey Track and Field State Meet held in Hialeah, Florida in June. The Heatwave Basketball Program began as a consequence of a city/county partnership to supply athletic chances and life accomplishments developing to country teens functioning 192 teens. Volunteers worked for over 40 hours painting bathrooms and distributing mulch in the Northeast Dog Park. Interns and Field Experience pupils contributed over 5,000 hours of service to the Division. ( Gainesville Communications Office, 2008 ) Having Parkss in the community increases physical activity among kids and grownups. Whether it s playing on the resort area, swimming, take parting in youth conference athleticss, or merely walking the trail, Parkss provide gratifying exercising for all ages. Volunteer work is a large portion of keeping local Parkss and hosting events or activities. Volunteering brings together the whole community towards a good cause. It s besides a local cause, which makes the work important and close to the bosom. It is for this ground that a park does nt be much money to keep one time built. There is no demand to engage day-to-day employees and because the park is outside, there are no public-service corporation costs. The after-school plans, and those such as swimming lessons, provide parents with local options for their kids. Besides, since they are local and run largely by voluntaries, the monetary value is normally sensible and they know their money is traveling right back into the community. Constructing a local park can besides excite the local economic system by making a few occupations for citizens. The park will necessitate some lawn care, for illustration. Besides, the managers and staff of park plans and events will hold occupation chances. All of these factors that parks contribute to the community, significantly increase the quality of life within the community in a manner that will be profitable non merely to the community, but besides to the land proprietor. Therefore, based on the facts in this study and the analysis of environing Parkss, Group Charlie recommends constructing a park that will fulfill the demands of the community that the other Parkss lack. Beginnings: 10Thumbs Design. ( 2006 ) . Northeast park. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //10thumbs.org/gra/park/index.html Burnap, George. ( 1916 ) . Parks: their design, equipment and usage. Philadelphia: B. Lippincott Company. City of Gainesville Recreation and Parks Department. ( 2008, July 02 ) . Westside park. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cityofgainesville.org/Portals/0/rec/docs/rc_WestsideRecreation.pdf City of Gainesville Recreation and Parks Department. ( 2008, July 15 ) . Parks matrix. Retrieved from www.cityofgainesville.org/Portals/0/parks/docs/park_matrix.pdf City of Gainesville Recreation and Parks Department. ( 2009, June 01 ) . Gainesville installations. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cityofgainesville.org/LinkClick.aspx? fileticket=rMUR4XzT % 2BCM % 3D A ; tabid=259 Gainesville Communications Office. ( 2008, December 12 ) . 2008 Citizen. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cityofgainesville.org/Portals/0/cmo/2008citizensreport-lores.pdf Harnik, P. , A ; Welle, B. ( 2006 ) . Measuring the economic value of a metropolis park system. The Trust for Public Land, Retrieved February 24, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tpl.org/tier3_cd.cfm? content_item_id=22879 A ; folder_id=3208 Ho, Ching-Hua, Laura Payne, Elizabeth Orsega-Smith, and Geoffrey Godbey. Parks, diversion and public wellness: Parkss and diversion better the physical and mental wellness of our state Research Update. N.p. : n.p. , 2003. N. pag. Web. 23 Feb. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1145/is_4_38/ai_100960607/ gt ; . Ingram, D.L. ( 1991 ) . Basic rules of landscape design. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mg086 Karaim, Reed. A new epoch in drama. N.p. : USA Weekend, 2007. Web. 25 Feb. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.commercialfreechildhood.org/news/anewera.htm gt ; . New Dennis Park. [ Web ] . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dsni.org/images/comm_econ_power/new_dennis_park.jpg Schwartz, A. ( 2009, June ) . Good Parkss are good for the economic system. Gotham Gazette, Retrieved February 24, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gothamgazette.com/article/parks/20090624/14/2949 Payne, Laura, Elizabeth Orsega-Smith, Mark Roy, and Geoffrey Godbey. Local Park Use and Personal Health Among Older Adults: An Exploratory Study. Vol. 23. N.p. : n.p. , 2005. 1-20. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sagamorepub.com/ebooks/User/IP2005/jpra232/Article1.pdf gt ; . Sense of Community: A Publication from Calgary s Sense of Community Project. N.p. : n.p. , 2001. 1-3. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.calgary.ca/docgallery/bu/cns/sense_of_community_flyer.pdf gt ; . SK Creations, Inc. ( 2010 ) . Northside park. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.northsidepark.com/ Measure up to diversion with the San Antonio Parks and Recreation Department. San Antonio: City of San Antonio, 2009. N. pag. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sanantonio.gov/sapar/stepuptorecreation.asp gt ; . Telama, Risto, Xiaoling Yang, Jorma Viikari, IIkka Valimaki, and Olli Wanne. Physical activity from childhood to maturity: A 21-year trailing survey. Vol. 28. N.p. : Elsevier Inc. , 2005. 267-73. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ajpm-online.net/article/S0749-3797 % 2804 % 2900339-3/abstract gt ; .
Monday, October 21, 2019
Health Studies Report Essay
Health Studies Report Essay Health Studies Report Essay The Healthcare system in Britain and how it is paid for. Public Pay = Public provision This consists of healthcare that is designed to meet the cost of all our essential healthcare needs, paid for via the government. In some countries, the funding is controlled by an agency of the government or by an entire population. When tax is the primary way of financing healthcare, it gives everyone and equal level of cover regardless of their financial circumstances. Public Pay = Private Provision This is where we pay a small amount of tax but it’s provided by a private hospital. Government is the purchaser not provider. Care can be provided by private hospitals. I.e. Clatterbridge and Renacres. Private pay = Private Provision This is where all health care is privately funded and healthcare is received in private hospitals. Examples of this, is through Bupa. Out of Pocket Expenses Out-of-pocket expenses are what you pay for health-related services above and beyond your monthly premium. Depending on your health plan, these expenses may include an annual deductible, coinsurance, and co-payments for doctor visits and prescription drugs. Who’s Who? Left Wing = Labour (Socialist) Right Wing = Conservatives (Capitalist) Mid-Way = Liberal Democrats Socialist (Labour) Socialism is where a community/society, rather than private individuals take ownership of a production and distribution system. For example, we pay tax and all own a share of the NHS. It gives them all an equal opportunity in sharing the work and the products. However, it can cause some people to become lazy, as they still get the same as the person who works hard. (Right Side News, 2009) It is a form of government that owns, regulates, and administrates the production and distribution of goods and services. Another common definition of socialism is a form of government that attempts to reduce social, economic, medical, and political inequalities among its people by providing basic services. Karl Marx described â€Å"Socialism as a lower form of communism and held the opinion that socialism was an intermediary step in moving from Capitalism to Communism.†(Sited on Your Dictionary.com) He had the idea that we are a product of our own environment. If we are poor, or unwell, it’s due to society and how it controls the individual. He argues that inequality is caused by our access to, or lack of structures. Socialism is based on individuals paying a higher tax, but with the Government funding all expenses. The benefits to this are: Everyone has equal access to healthcare and benefits. We all have a right to equality. Tax free treatment National control leads to standard practice It increases workers’ rights. Everyone pays in, so everyone receives the same outcome. The negatives to this are: Longer waiting times for treatment or Doctors due to free healthcare. Over use of treatments Overly expensive and in National debt (Economics Help, 2014) Limitations of tests and treatments Canada is a good example of a socialised healthcare system. Under this system, citizens are provided preventative care and medical treatments from primary care physicians as well as access to hospitals, dentists and other additional medical needs. With very few exceptions, everyone qualifies for health care regardless of medical history, personal income or their standard of living. (Canadian Health care, 2004-2007) The downsides to this system using Canada as an example, is in 2001 Canada’s healthcare topped $100 billion dollars. (Canadian Health Care, 2004-2007) This level of costs can cause detrimental effects on the national economy. Increased waiting times also become a concern. Even though everyone has equal access, it causes demands on all areas of care. Capitalist (Conservatives) Capitalism is based on the theory that we, as an individual, contribute more than the government. We pay a low amount of tax, but we provide our own pensions and make savings to
Sunday, October 20, 2019
How to Classify Chemical Reaction Orders Using Kinetics
How to Classify Chemical Reaction Orders Using Kinetics Chemical reactions can be classified based on their reaction kinetics, the study of reaction rates. Kinetic theory states that minute particles of all matter are in constant motion and that the temperature of a substance is dependent on the velocity of this motion. Increased motion is accompanied by increased temperature. The general reaction form is: aA bB → cC dD Reactions are categorized as zero-order, first-order, second-order, or mixed-order (higher-order) reactions. Key Takeaways: Reaction Orders in Chemistry Chemical reactions may be assigned reaction orders that describe their kinetics.The types of orders are zero-order, first-order, second-order, or mixed-order.A zero-order reaction proceeds at a constant rate. A first-order reaction rate depends on the concentration of one of the reactants. A second-order reaction rate is proportional to the square of the concentration of a reactant or the product of the concentration of two reactants. Zero-Order Reactions Zero-order reactions (where order 0) have a constant rate. The rate of a zero-order reaction is constant and independent of the concentration of reactants. This rate is independent of the concentration of the reactants. The rate law is: rate k, with k having the units of M/sec. First-Order Reactions A first-order reaction (where order 1) has a rate proportional to the concentration of one of the reactants. The rate of a first-order reaction is proportional to the concentration of one reactant. A common example of a first-order reaction is radioactive decay, the spontaneous process through which an unstable atomic nucleus breaks into smaller, more stable fragments. The rate law is: rate k[A] (or B instead of A), with k having the units of sec-1 Second-Order Reactions A second-order reaction (where order 2) has a rate proportional to the concentration of the square of a single reactant or the product of the concentration of two reactants. The formula is: rate k[A]2 (or substitute B for A or k multiplied by the concentration of A times the concentration of B), with the units of the rate constant M-1sec-1 Mixed-Order or Higher-Order Reactions Mixed order reactions have a fractional order for their rate, such as: rate k[A]1/3 Factors Affecting Reaction Rate Chemical kinetics predicts that the rate of a chemical reaction will be increased by factors that increase the kinetic energy of the reactants (up to a point), leading to the increased likelihood that the reactants will interact with each other. Similarly, factors that decrease the chance of reactants colliding with each other may be expected to lower the reaction rate. The main factors that affect reaction rate are: The concentration of reactants: A higher concentration of reactants leads to more collisions per unit time, which leads to an increased reaction rate (except for zero-order reactions.)Temperature: Usually, an increase in temperature is accompanied by an increase in the reaction rate.The presence of catalysts: Catalysts (such as enzymes) lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction and increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. The physical state of reactants: Reactants in the same phase may come into contact via thermal action, but surface area and agitation affect reactions between reactants in different phases.Pressure: For reactions involving gases, raising pressure increases the collisions between reactants, increasing the reaction rate. While chemical kinetics can predict the rate of a chemical reaction, it does not determine the extent to which the reaction occurs.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Women should get a chance to use birth control Essay
Women should get a chance to use birth control - Essay Example ines that, â€Å"Some women are afforded greater privacy in matters of reproductive control, while others are subjected to limited opportunities†(p.61). At the same time, birth control helps women to lead healthy sex lives because it reduces the scope of pregnancy. Zorea (2012) states that, â€Å"The intentional prevention and control of human conception is identified by many names but is today most commonly referred to as birth control†(p.3). So, birth control must be considered as an individual freedom of womenfolk in general. One can easily identify the fact that birth control is to be considered as a social responsibility. For instance, access to birth control methods prevents the rapid spread of some diseases; especially STDs. Rees (1997) states that, â€Å"Untreated STDs can cause lasting damage to the female reproductive organs, leading to ectopic (tubal) pregnancies, miscarriages, and infertility†(p.11). Besides, population explosion is a burning issue and the same can be resolved by controlling high birth rate. Women must have access to birth control methods because it is a moral responsibility. Engelman (2011) states that, â€Å"Birth control, however, unabashedly affirms the moral necessity of family limitation†(p.95). To be specific, birth control leads to the prevention of abortion. In addition, unwanted pregnancy is a moral issue and the same can be reduced by birth control. Summing, one can see that birth control is related to the individual freedom, social responsibility, and moral responsibility of womenfolk. So, birth control helps women to enjoy their individual rights. Besides, birth control acts as a social responsibility towards the society. On the other side, birth control is a moral responsibility. In short, women must fight for their rights and must gain access to different methods of birth
Friday, October 18, 2019
Labor low report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1
Labor low report - Essay Example On my first interview, we discussed the job vacancy in greater detail,. and On the other hand, on my second job interview on the 22nd of October, Mr. Sayeed requested that I completeto do a small assignment. This task it’s had to do with the steps involved in employing Saudi nationals and expatriates in Saudi Arabia. I would like to report my findings to you. In this report, I will respond to Mr. Sayeed’s questions and concerns by ing briefly covering some steps, procedures, regulations, and legal issues about employing workers in Saudi Arabia. I will also discuss the costs of social insurance contributions, severance pay, and job contracts for both Saudi nationals and expatriates. Please note that this report is only a brief first draft in orderbrief report to give you an idea about some of the steps, procedures, regulations, and legal issues regarding employmentng in Saudi Arabia. Due to the short preparation time for this report, not to mention the time lost because of business holidays, this report may contain some information that needs updating, changing, or clarifying in more detail. B- If the candidate is found to be qualified and needed for the job, the employer should request the candidate to fill out a form with all their personal information and sign a waiver to his records from three Saudi governmental departments: 3. Saudi Arabian Minatory Agency (SAMA): to find out if the candidate has any financial obligations with any companies or banks. This step is not a necessary one, but is still required on a case-by–case basis. D- The candidate accepts the letter of a job offer by signing it and sending it back to the employer. This step is required in order to give the candidate sufficient time to settle with their old employer. During this period, the new employer has no right to cancel the letter of a job offer that was previously signed by the candidate. E- After the candidate has reached a settlement with his old employer, he
International Business Management UNIT4DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
International Business Management UNIT4DB - Essay Example If companies like Boeing and Volkswagen would go along with China's terms it brings benefits for both China and international companies. Globalization of trade opens new opportunities for MNEs to compete on the global market. In this case, the international organization must be responsive to change through people employed by it and new environment it operates. Without cooperation and information interchange, many foreign companies will fail to perform successfully in China. On the other hand, International Business Studies and International Human Resource Management are the main fields of research which make information available for a wide target audience. Contemporary developments in the field of IHRM suggest that if Chinese companies learn modern management skills from non-Chinese companies and acquire technology it create great opportunities for both parties and help them to overcome national differences and cultural diversity. The main problem is that modern management skills is truly international and used by many companies around the world. On the one hand, contemporary developments in the field of IHRM "incor porate the broader contextual reality" (Schuler et al 2002:.43).
Thursday, October 17, 2019
The Giver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
The Giver - Essay Example When there is no creativity , when there is no love and even joy seems programmed, these might as well be ants in a ant hill. Even ants are ordered, systematic and conforming. But what makes human beings different from other animals is that we are individuals and it is our innate tendency to be our own self , not a clone of anybody else. A community like Jonas’s would be suffocating to most people who have seen or known what it is like to be human. Are there communities like the one in the book in the modern day world? Indeed there are. China, North Korea, Iran all of have such societies to a varying degree. But just like in the book , the only way these societies are able to keep a grip on people is by restricting their freedom and keeping control over the information which is available to these people. Indeed there was and is little crime in such communities and nobody ever starves. But that is true even for a prison , but human beings are not meant to be caged. The free societies have their problems. Crime, populism perhaps even decline in morals. But however imperfect and chaotic that might be, those are the systems in which Human beings thrive and prosper. Since the fall of the Soviet Union , there has been a return , at least in a little way to the old iron rule in Russia. This , many say is evidence that people want stability and protection. People do want stability and protection . This is true , even in the bastions of freedom in U.S and other democracies. But this stability and protection is not wanted at the cost of freedom. You just have to see what happens when conformity is forced on people who have already enjoyed freedom and individuality , like Prohibition in the U.S. or Emergency in India. It is simply not possible. There is an old saying which states that those who don’t know history are condemned to repeat it. Pain and suffering while uncomfortable and horrifying are extremely important. They tell us what consequences
Care and Feeding of Exotic Pets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Care and Feeding of Exotic Pets - Essay Example As such, this analysis will concern itself with analyzing the argument against exotic pets based on the following areas: the practice is disrespectful to animals that are not predisposed to being pets, the practice encourages harm to the natural habitat and environment from whence the exotic pet is taken, the practice encourages the illegal trade and black market sale of such animals, the practice puts many already endangered species at risk of extinction, the practice creates a perception in the mind that ownership of such creatures is both normal and moral, and lastly, the practice encourages the transfer of animals for non educational purposes to live out the remainder of their lives in captivity. The first of these reasons hinges upon the fact that animals that are not predisposed by nature to being pets are kept in such a manner. As anyone with experience with animals that for generations have been kept and handled as pets can attest, the evolutionary nature of these animals has shifted to create normalized relations between pets and humans that are the result of many hundreds (even thousands) of years. With the dog or cat, for instance, the earliest known examples of civilization refer to the fact that these animals have been living side by side with humans, enjoying a symbiotic relationship that has developed over long lengths of evolutionary history (Hessler 43). However, the same cannot be said for the recent trend towards exotic pets.Â
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
The Giver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
The Giver - Essay Example When there is no creativity , when there is no love and even joy seems programmed, these might as well be ants in a ant hill. Even ants are ordered, systematic and conforming. But what makes human beings different from other animals is that we are individuals and it is our innate tendency to be our own self , not a clone of anybody else. A community like Jonas’s would be suffocating to most people who have seen or known what it is like to be human. Are there communities like the one in the book in the modern day world? Indeed there are. China, North Korea, Iran all of have such societies to a varying degree. But just like in the book , the only way these societies are able to keep a grip on people is by restricting their freedom and keeping control over the information which is available to these people. Indeed there was and is little crime in such communities and nobody ever starves. But that is true even for a prison , but human beings are not meant to be caged. The free societies have their problems. Crime, populism perhaps even decline in morals. But however imperfect and chaotic that might be, those are the systems in which Human beings thrive and prosper. Since the fall of the Soviet Union , there has been a return , at least in a little way to the old iron rule in Russia. This , many say is evidence that people want stability and protection. People do want stability and protection . This is true , even in the bastions of freedom in U.S and other democracies. But this stability and protection is not wanted at the cost of freedom. You just have to see what happens when conformity is forced on people who have already enjoyed freedom and individuality , like Prohibition in the U.S. or Emergency in India. It is simply not possible. There is an old saying which states that those who don’t know history are condemned to repeat it. Pain and suffering while uncomfortable and horrifying are extremely important. They tell us what consequences
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Unique effects of apathy and depression signs on cognition and Research Paper
Unique effects of apathy and depression signs on cognition and function in amnestic mild cognitive impairment - Research Paper Example According to Zahodne & Tremont (2013), apathy and depression are distinct signs in amnestic MCI and for different patients the two are associated with specific executive functions. For mental health nurses, the distinction of apathy and depression relative to the presented differential frontal lobes neuropathology patterns and the affected functions are crucial in planning and delivery appropriate care. Zahodne & Tremont (2013), present the current diagnostic criteria as indicating that about 43% and 20% patients meet apathy and major depression criteria correspondingly with and without baseline dementia. Through a multiple regression framework, apathy and depression linked to specific cognitive abilities and functional status as presented in a sample of 90 elderly persons (with mean age 75.8 years) highly vulnerable to Dementia following amnestic MCI. For all participants, clinical assessments presented unbiased memory impairment and exclusion criteria of comorbid neurological illnesses, brain trauma history, and medical problems like cancer, and severe psychiatric disturbance (Zahodne & Tremont, 2013). The independent variables were apathy, depression, education, and age, while the dependent variables were unprocessed scores on individual tests. The result linked depression to inferior exclusive functioning and was independent of age, apathy, and education. Conversely, apathy pre sented intricacies in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living or IADL and did not link to age, depression, or education. These findings proved that apathy and depression distinctively associate with varying elements of executive functioning in amnestic MCI. For a mental health nurse, this information fundamentally contributes to the formulation of interventions aimed at fostering health, assessing dysfunction, and helping patients in regaining their coping abilities (Daniel, et al., 2014). Further, the nurse
International Marketing Essay Example for Free
International Marketing Essay International marketing variables would vary from region to region or say from country to country, although the concept of marketing globally could be the same for achieving the company’s goals and objectives. There would be a very thin line of varying concerns and reported differences in between the costs of all inputs and resources, prices, advertising cost and mediums used and last but not the least the distribution factor to deliver the products in all corners of its country of operation. But through proper consultancy for businesses and its operation in different countries can enable companies to adapt, properly manage, and intelligent coordination plan in newly tapped marked where all the operations and functions are unfamiliar to the new ones. Companies choose to discover international markets for a variety of reasons. In some case in point, companies start exploring international markets in reaction to spontaneous information and instructions or say demands from end-consumers in those respective markets. While, many businesses also start their operations in other countries in order to ascertain a the market share in those countries thus to overcome the overhead costs at home, diversify their corporate holdings, take advantage of domestic or international political or economic changes, or tap into new or growing markets. (Eight Tech, 2009) Businesses strategically planning to expand their portfolio operations used to adopt certain various ways depending upon certain form of strategies. These strategies include exporting certain goods or raw materials from the host country and making retailing outlets in different countries worldwide. These forms of strategies are numerous starting from formal joint venture agreements to establishing their own branded subsidiaries in the prospective country (ies). These two extreme forms of strategies could also include provision of licensing and patenting agreements with formal rights holding, etc. to companies / businesses already in operation in countries abroad, franchising; contract manufacturing; and establishing subsidiaries in foreign countries are also considered on a large scale. Each method has its own distinct advantages and disadvantages. (Eight Tech, 2009) The two countries that I have chosen to consider for operations of my company are Pakistan and India. Bothe the countries are located in the south of Asia and both have needs of similar kinds. Thus it will be easy to compare the two with similar environment and similar consumer needs and patterns. There are numerous factors that affect directly and indirectly on the planning, designing, implementation and execution of marketing campaigns. At first these campaigns before execution need to be properly executed via going through the processes of market research on both primary and secondary basis with defined level of monitory evaluation in order to prepare an international marketing strategy. Analyzing any international market we need to properly judge the variables of the respective market such as political environment; economic environment; social and cultural environment; demographic and physical environment; technological environment and legal environment. Below in the paper we will be discussing these factors in detail and how they affect the international market of India, which is our chosen country for exploring new markets. (Eight Tech, 2009) India: India has transformed itself from a third world country to a major powerhouse which has now become a major attraction for foreign investment. This statement can be backed by the fact that India is the second most popular country for the foreign direct investment after China. It is currently the fourth largest economy of the world. Despite of the terrorism threat India is striving hard and has become one of the most important innovators of the technology that will be required in the next part of the global economy. (Kamdar, 2007) India is a huge market with its population of more than 1. 2 billion as at 2008. The growth rate of the country has been immense as it has seen growth of around 7. 2% while the inflation rate has been pretty high for the year. Having said all this, one thing which is the irony of India is its poverty. In India 26% of the people in the urban areas are living below the poverty line while 28% is living below the poverty line in the rural areas. These statistics together forms up into a huge number which may be a little important fact for a chain of retail outlet coming into India for operating business. Where at one side high population growth of India makes India an attractive economy for any foreign business, at the other hand this has also been termed as the major cause of people living below the poverty line. (Indian Freedom Fighters, n. d. ) India also has issues relating to terrorism within it as various serious incidents have taken place in India that have harmed the economy very badly. A good example could be either a riot in Gujarat or the Mumbai attacks in India. To analyze the environmental conditions of India in a better way, I would do a PEST analysis of India with context to the business operations of Tesco to give a very clear idea that whether India would be a good place or not. PEST analysis refers to the Political, Technological, Environmental and Social factors of the country. This is a way in which the environment could be analyzed in a better way as it incorporates the four major elements in an environment. Political Situation: Similar to many other countries, political factors in India also play a major role in the economy of India. India currently is supporting its local entrepreneurs in order to make sure that they don’t suffer due to huge multinationals. They are providing them with every sort of assistance to make sure that the small businessmen of India survive in front of the multinationals. (Luo, 2004) This can become a difficult situation for the international retailer as he would have to compete with huge powers like Ambani group who have recently opened up a huge superstore called Star Bazaar, the local markets that are supported by the government. Other than that major concern is India is the political instability that is in India due to the terrorism activities in India. A lot of local religion based riots takes place in India and at times even major terrorism activities like bomb blast occurs over there. These might affect Tesco very badly as at times huge superstores are set to fire by the mob as it has already been done in the past. Other than that poor political conditions in India would mean closure of the superstore due to the bad conditions which would affect the revenue badly. Even if the superstore is not closed, low foot fall may also reduce the revenue and increase the average cost which would affect the net profit. Economic Situation: Economic situation in India would be of very much importance to Tesco as it would directly influence its revenues. As even mentioned earlier, India is a very fast growing economy which has now became the second most popular place to invest after China. The GDP in 2009-2010 was around 7. 8%. The two factors that might serve as a drawback for Tesco are the inflation rates which were 16. 2 in January 2010 and the other is high poverty level in the Urban India. The increasing inflation rate might increase the number of people falling within the poverty level in the urban areas where Tesco might want to locate itself. This would then reduce the number of customers for Tesco. India though is the second largest when it comes to population but the huge number of people living below the poverty line makes it difficult for such retailers to take advantage of the high population rate in India. Social / Cultural Environment: The biggest advantage of India is its youth population whose interest for leisure activities as shopping and others is increasing at a rate of 14% per annum. This would help Tesco a lot as there is a huge market in India that is open towards this trend of supermarkets. (Indian Retail Report, 2009) But a portion of the economy still consists of those individuals who prefer going to local bazaars due to low prices and their buying habits like negotiations etc. To get that market shifted towards the supermarket trend would be a difficult task. This would also require a shift in the overall culture of the economy where people have been buying things from local bazaars or the local grocery shops. (Hiscock, 2008) Demographic and Physical Environment: Fundamentals that best fits under this category of factor assessment include income and consumption level with the measured percentage of spending, population size, development, and distribution; atmospheric conditions would affect the viability and sales of business; shipping distances; time zones; and natural resources, etcetera. Technological Compatibility: India is becoming a hub for innovation. It is famous for its fast paced innovation in all categories. Thus, it would add up to Tesco as it would get new and innovative technologies for managing supply chain and other related important processes. Urban India is technological savvy and thus it is not difficult to integrate new technologies as people know how to operate it. Online shopping is not a new phenomenon for Indians as they have been doing it for past several years now. (Iyengar, 2007) New technologies can give them advantage in their logistics and they can even replicate the technologies that they have been using abroad as the people in India are very handy with new and different technology. The expectations of the Indian consumers are rising very fast thus the companies have to keep at pace with it and constantly get in new technologies in order to come up to the expectations of the consumer and in order to delight him the companies might even have to go a mile ahead for that. (The Financial Express, 2009)
Monday, October 14, 2019
Modernity in Spain and Latin America
Modernity in Spain and Latin America History of Latin America II (Revolution Dictatorship) Why has it been so difficult to establish democratic political institutions in Latin America? Introduction Throughout history, Latin America has struggled with repeated clashes between politicians and citizens. The problems caused by these periods in these nations history are still felt today and in order to understand the reasons as to why it has been so difficult to establish democratic political institutions in these countries, we must investigate distinct periods in their histories that have shaped the countries into what they are today. Many of the countries in Latin America experienced their post-independence periods around the same time, with the majority of countries experiencing their Early Nation Period between 1825 and 1850. These periods can be characterised by the struggles for independence and constant civil war and unrest as class systems operated in the countries and so political independence meant different things for different classes[1]. Because of this system and their vastly different needs that were to be met by governments, any attempts to unite the many sides and create democratic political institutions that represent the whole of society were, and are still, met with strong opposition. However, it is to be noted that not all of the problems in the country were as a result of government opposition: many of the problems arose due to the countries being so vast and infrastructure being so poor, meaning it was hard to communicate with, and so govern, the people living outside of the main cities[2]. The majority of these people were indigenous and did not speak Spanish[3] and this added to the issues: if the people could not understand what they were hearing from the government, and not respond to this because of a language barrier, no democratic system would represent their views, no matter how hard it tried. For these marginalised groups, it did not matter which group of creole elite were in power this time, it was simply another political party who did not understand their views in order to represent them.[4] For ease of illustration, we shall look more closely at two specific countries and two different but defining periods in their histories. Mexico Focussing firstly on Mexico; Mexicos Early National Period spanned from 1821 to 1876[5]. During this period, it was clear each region had strong affinities with their own area and so from the outset the political parties who formed the apparent systems of democratic government had to not only convince the people that they were the best party to be in power, but also, and arguably more importantly, that they should replace their ties with the caudillo[6] who ruled their area with an affinity to the country-wide leader who, for many, was nothing more than a name. This problem of the peoples reluctance to embrace a democratic political system for the whole of Mexico was exacerbated by the fact the caudillos were strongly averse to such a big change: these leaders had ruled their area for over a decade and were not going to submit to a national governing system easily. Indeed, such a system was entirely antithetical to the interests of the caudillos who would inevitably suffer in these systems[7]. Thus, they led coups and revolts of their people against the government and since domineering caudillos ruled the people, if the caudillo did not agree with the new system of government, then the people should submit to the views of the caudillo and not agree with the new system of government either[8]. During this time, not only was Mexico attempting to create a democratic political system amidst unrest from its own citizens, but Spain attempted to reconquer Mexico (1829), France blocked their Atlantic coast (1838-41) and the United States seized half of Mexicos land (1846-49). Great Britain also seized the Falkland Islands as Las Malvinas in 1833. Clearly, then, this unstable political environment did not encourage people to embrace the haphazard attempts at creating democratic political institutions in Mexicos Early National Period. Uprisings inspired by caudillos, language barriers preventing understanding and poor infrastructure preventing communication all contributed to the difficulties of the time. It is clear to see that Mexicos early attempts to create democratic political institutions were thwarted by international attempt to reconquer the country and by internal attempts to overthrow new governments by caudillos and their supporters. The people felt alienated and isolated from central government, and so when their caudillo whom they knew and with whom they could communicate told them what to do, they understood his rules and followed those rather than follow rules made by the government who did not represent them. Bolivia Moving on to investigate a different time in Bolivia. The causes of the difficulties in establishing democratic political institutions in more recent times in Bolivia were less intra-national and more international, due to countries becoming more reliant on international trade and the world economy. Thus, when this crashed in the 1970s the relatively new democratic governments could not withstand the pressure and the countries reverted to past authoritarian ways.[9] One school of thought reasons that this was due to the extremely high poverty rates in the country: citizens were more concerned about fighting for their lives by ensuring they had sufficient necessities in order to live than they were about fighting for political democracy. Indeed, in 1976 85% of the Bolivian population were living with unsatisfied basic needs[10]. This was caused by constant changes in ruler since 1964 and almost antithetical policies of successive leaders,[11] meaning people could not rely on the government as policies introduced by one party were overturned and directly opposing policies introduced by the next[12]. The people became apathetic to politics as their participation was limited and they knew that military leaders and dictators would not represent their views. No matter which military regime stormed their way to power, they would continue to suffer. When General Renà © Barrientos orchestrated a coup in 1964, the following 18 years in politics saw uninterrupted military rule, and General Hugo Banzers dictatorship between 1971 and 1978 was the longest spanning of the different regimes[13]. This time was filled with unrest and violence: the military regimes did not appreciate criticism or opposition. Things were done how Banzer wanted them to be done and opponents simply disappeared[14]. Clearly this is not democratic since a dictatorship is the exact opposite of democracy and the peoples views are irrelevant in such systems. Banzer did not seek to redistribute wealth and the people were, again, the ones to suffer. They did not want Banzer to be in the position he was, but he forced his way to power and there was nothing a normal citizen could do about it. Even after the end of Banzers rule, extreme political instability meant people distrusted the government. The succeeding governments seemed to forget about the countrys internal problems and focussed so much on international spending and borrowing[15] that the people continued to suffer. It wasnt until 1982 when the country elected Siles as president did the people begin to have a say again and attempts to restore democracy were made. Bolivia remains one of the poorest countries in Latin America[16], generally seen to be a result of the past authoritarian dictators and their regimes creating insurmountable debt. These leaders did not care about the countrys internal affairs and sought to boost international trade at the expense of their people. The people, therefore, suffered undeniably at the hands of these leaders. It is impossible to create democratic political institutions if the leaders do not care about the citizens of the country and seek only to benefit themselves. Bolivia is a prime example of a country who experienced great difficulty in establishing democratic political institutions as the military ruled the country for a long time, and any change in government was not as a result of democratic election but violent coup. The people simply had to accept what was happening in the politics of their country, or risk their lives trying to change it. Conclusion It is clear, then, that establishing democratic political institutions has not been easy in Latin America, specifically in Mexico and Bolivia, for many reasons. From the outset, Mexico had to tackle both international opposition to their ruling of their own country, and internal resistance from caudillos and their supporters, while Bolivia continued to struggle until very recently with dictatorship and extraordinarily high levels of debt preventing development of democracy. Bibliography Atlantic Council, Urbanization in Latin America. (2014)Available at: http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/publications/articles/urbanization-in-latin-america [accessed on 30/11/16] BBC, Mexico Profile- Timeline. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-19828041 [accessed on 30/11/16] BBC, Timeline: Bolivia. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1218814.stm [accessed on 30/11/16] Ewout, Frankema The Colonial Origins of Inequality: Exploring the Causes and Consequences of Land Distribution in Poverty, Inequality, and Policy in Latin America (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009) pp19-45 Fowler, Will. Latin America Since 1780 (Hodder Education, 2008) Hansen, Edward C. Wolf, Eric R. Caudillo Politics; A Structured Analysis in Comparative Studies in Society and History, Volume 9, Issue 2 (January 1967) pp168-179 Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, General statistics on killings and disappearances of union activists. [BOL5479], 11 June 1990. Available at: https://www.ecoi.net/local_link/170859/272293_en.html [accessed on 30/11/16] Lynch, John Caudillos in Spanish America 1800- 1850 (Oxford University Press, 1992) McNeish, John-Andrew, Stones on the Road: The Politics of Participation and the Generation of Crisis in Bolivia in Bulletin of Latin American Research, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Institute of Anthropology, University of Bergen, Norway, 2006) pp. 220-240, Morales, Juan A. Sachs, Jeffrey D Bolivias Economic Crisis in Developing Country Debt and the World Economy (University of Chicago Press, 1989) pp57- 80 Pastor, Manuel Jr. Bolivia: Hyperinflation, Stabilisation and Beyond in Journal of Development Studies, 1991 Republic of Bolivia, Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (La Paz, 2001) Sivak, Martin El dictador elegido: biografà a no autorizada de Hugo Banzer Suà ¡rez (Plural Editores, 2001) UNICEF, Bolivia. Situation of Poverty in the Country. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/bolivia/english/resources_2332.html [accessed on 30/11/16] [1] Will Fowler, Latin America Since 1780 (Hodder Education, 2008) p34 [2] In 1950 only 40% of the Latin American population lived in urban areas. Atlantic Council, Urbanization in Latin America. (2014)Available at: http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/publications/articles/urbanization-in-latin-america [accessed on 30/11/16] [3] Fowler, Latin America Since 1780 p36 [4] ibid [5] BBC, Mexico Profile- Timeline. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-19828041 [accessed on 30/11/16] [6] Caudillos is most accurately translated as chieftain, deriving from the Latin caput meaning head. See Eric R. Wolf, Edward C. Hansen Caudillo Politics; A Structured Analysis in Comparative Studies in Society and History, Volume 9, Issue 2 (January 1967) pp168-179 at p169 [7] Wolf, Hansen, p170 [8] John Lynch, Caudillos in Spanish America 1800- 1850 (Oxford University Press, 1992) [9] Fowler, Latin America Since 1780 p134 [10] Republic of Bolivia, Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (La Paz, 2001) p16 [11] Juan A. Morales, Jeffrey D. Sachs Bolivias Economic Crisis in Developing Country Debt and the World Economy (University of Chicago Press, 1989) pp57- 80, table 3.2 p59 [12] BBC, Timeline: Bolivia. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1218814.stm [accessed on 30/11/16] [13] Martin Sivak, El dictador elegido: biografà a no autorizada de Hugo Banzer Suà ¡rez (Plural Editores, 2001) [14] Exact figures are unknown. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, General statistics on killings and disappearances of union activists. [BOL5479], 11 June 1990. Available at: https://www.ecoi.net/local_link/170859/272293_en.html [accessed on 30/11/16] [15] Manuel Pastor, Jr. Bolivia: Hyperinflation, Stabilisation and Beyond in Journal of Development Studies, 1991. p213 [16] UNICEF, Bolivia. Situation of Poverty in the Country. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/bolivia/english/resources_2332.html [accessed on 30/11/16]
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